RESUMO A infecção pelo poliovírus causa paralisia em 1 de cada 200 pessoas infectadas. O uso de vacinas seguras e eficazes, tanto vacinas inativadas contra o poliovírus quanto vacinas orais contendo poliovírus atenuado (VOP), significa que restam apenas dois bolsões de poliovírus selvagem tipo 1, um no Afeganistão e outro no Paquistão. No entanto, a VOP pode reverter à virulência, causando surtos de poliovírus circulante derivado de vacina (cPVDV). No período 2020-2022, o cPVDV tipo 2 (cPVDV2) foi responsável por 97% a 99% dos casos de poliomielite, principalmente na África. Entre janeiro e agosto de 2022, o cPVDV2 foi detectado em amostras de esgoto em Israel, no Reino Unido e nos Estados Unidos da América, onde também houve um caso de paralisia flácida aguda causada pelo cPVDV2. A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde alertou que, devido à queda nas taxas de vacinação (cobertura média de 80% em 2022), o Brasil, o Haiti, o Peru e a República Dominicana correm um risco muito alto de reintrodução do poliovírus e outros oito países da América Latina correm um risco alto. A VOP monovalente Sabin tipo 2 tem sido usada para controlar surtos de PVDV2, mas seu uso também pode levar a surtos. Para resolver esse problema, foi desenvolvida uma nova VOP2 (nVOP2), mais estável geneticamente, para combater o cPVDV2. Em 2020, a nVOP2 entrou na Lista de Uso Emergencial da Organização Mundial da Saúde. A distribuição de uma nova vacina incluída na Lista de Uso Emergencial em contextos de massa para conter surtos requer medidas originais de preparação operacional e regulatória em âmbito local.

RESUMEN La infección por poliovirus ocasiona parálisis en hasta 1 de cada 200 personas infectadas. La utilización de vacunas con poliovirus inactivados y de vacunas antipoliomielíticas orales con poliovirus vivos atenuados (OPV) seguras y eficaces ha logrado que solo queden dos focos de poliovirus salvaje de tipo 1, en Afganistán y Pakistán. Sin embargo, las vacunas con OPV pueden revertir a la virulencia y producir brotes de poliovirus circulantes de origen vacunal (cVDPV). Durante el período 2020-2022, el cVDPV de tipo 2 (cVDPV2) fue la causa del 97-99% de los casos de poliomielitis, sobre todo en África. Entre enero y agosto del 2022, se encontró el cVDPV2 en muestras de aguas residuales en Estados Unidos de América, donde se produjo un caso de parálisis flácida aguda por el cVDPV2, Israel y Reino Unido y. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud ha advertido que, tras la caída de las tasas de vacunación (con una cobertura promedio del 80% en el 2022), Brasil, Haití, Perú y República Dominicana corren un riesgo muy alto de reintroducción del poliovirus, en tanto que otros ocho países de América Latina se encuentran en una situación de alto riesgo. La OPV monovalente de tipo 2 de Sabin se ha utilizado para controlar los brotes de VDPV2, pero su empleo también podría ocasionar brotes. Para hacer frente a este problema, se creó una nueva OPV2 (nOPV2) contra el cVDPV2, genéticamente más estable, que en el 2020 se incluyó en la lista de uso en emergencias de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El despliegue a gran escala de una nueva vacuna incluida en la lista de uso en emergencias con el fin de contener los brotes exige una extraordinaria preparación regulatoria y operativa local.

ABSTRACT Poliovirus infection causes paralysis in up to 1 in 200 infected persons. The use of safe and effective inactivated poliovirus vaccines and live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs) means that only two pockets of wild-type poliovirus type 1 remain, in Afghanistan and Pakistan. However, OPVs can revert to virulence, causing outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV). During 2020–2022, cVDPV type 2 (cVDPV2) was responsible for 97–99% of poliomyelitis cases, mainly in Africa. Between January and August 2022, cVDPV2 was detected in sewage samples in Israel, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, where a case of acute flaccid paralysis caused by cVDPV2 also occurred. The Pan American Health Organization has warned that Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Haiti and Peru are at very high risk for the reintroduction of poliovirus and an additional eight countries in Latin America are at high risk, following dropping vaccination rates (average 80% coverage in 2022). Sabin type 2 monovalent OPV has been used to control VDPV2 outbreaks, but its use could also lead to outbreaks. To address this issue, a more genetically stable, novel OPV2 (nOPV2) was developed against cVDPV2 and in 2020 was granted World Health Organization Emergency Use Listing. Rolling out a novel vaccine under the Emergency Use Listing in mass settings to contain outbreaks requires unique local regulatory and operational preparedness.

ABSTRACT Melon cultivation under saline conditions is a challenge, as the plants can suffer a reduction in fruit production and quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and quality of noble melon fruit fertigated with different saline solutions and K/Ca ratios. The experimental design was of randomised blocks, with treatments arranged in a 3 x 6 factorial scheme, using three melon cultivars (Bazuca, McLaren, County) fertigated with six nutrient solutions [S1 - standard nutrient solution (SNS); S2 - SNS + NaCl (5.0 dS m-1); S3 - S2 enriched with K (50%); S4 - S2 enriched with K (100%); S5 - S2 enriched with Ca (50%); S6 - S2 enriched with Ca (100%)]. At the end of each cultivar cycle, the fruit was harvested and assessed for the following parameters: fresh fruit weight, fruit diameter, internal cavity, pulp thickness, pulp firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, and vitamin C. Salt stress impaired the physical characteristics of the fruit of the three noble melon cultivars. The nutrient solution enriched with 50% K (S3) did not reduce the effect of salt stress on fresh weight or fruit size in the melon, but afforded an increase in fruit quality.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a redução na densidade celular endotelial corneana associada à trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia (GATT) em curto prazo. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de prontuários médicos de pacientes com glaucoma de ângulo aberto que foram submetidos à trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia isolada ou combinada com facoemulsificação. Pacientes que foram submetidos à facoemulsificação isolada foram incluídos como controles. Dados da densidade celular endotelial corneana (avaliada através de microscópio especular) pré-operatória e ao primeiro mês pós-operatório foram coletados e comparados. Resultados: Sessenta e dois olhos que foram submetidos à trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia (trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia=39 olhos; faco com trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia=23 olhos) passaram pelos critérios de inclusão. A idade média dos pacientes estudados era 61,3 ± 18,4 anos no grupo trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia isolada e 60,4 ± 11,9 anos no grupo faco com trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia. Homens eram 66,6% do grupo trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia isolada e 56,5% do grupo faco com trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia. O defeito perimétrico médio (Mean Deviation) era -13,9 ± 9,2 dB e -10,3 ± 7,7 dB nos grupos trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia isolada e faco com trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia respectivamente. O grupo que fora submetido à trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia isolada apresentou redução média da densidade celular endotelial corneana de 28,8 células/mm² (1,31%; p=0,467). No grupo faco com trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia, a redução média da densidade celular endotelial corneana foi de 89,4 células/mm² (4,36%; p=0,028). Olhos controle (23 olhos) apresentaram redução média da densidade celular endotelial corneana de 114,1 ± 159,8 células/mm² (4,41%; p=0,505). A redução na densidade celular endotelial corneana no grupo faco com trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia não foi significativamente diferente do grupo controle (p=0,81). Conclusões: A trabeculotomia transluminal assistida por gonioscopia parece ser segura para a camada endotelial corneana em um curto prazo quando realizada de forma isolada ou combinada com cirurgia de catarata.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the reduction in corneal endothelial cell density associated with gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) in a short-term follow-up period. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the medical charts of patients with open-angle glaucoma who underwent gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy isolated or combined with phacoemulsification (phaco-gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy) was conducted. Patients who underwent phacoemulsification alone were included as controls. The endothelial cell density data (assessed using a specular microscope) before and at the first month after operation were collected and then compared. Results: Sixty-two eyes previously treated with gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy, n=39 eyes; phaco-gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy, n=23 eyes) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the study patients was 61.3 ± 18.4 years in the stand-alone gonioscopyassisted transluminal trabeculotomy group and 60.4 ± 11.9 in phaco-gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy group. Men comprised 66.6% of the patients in the isolated gonioscopyassisted transluminal trabeculotomy group and 56.5% of those in the phaco-gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy group. The mean visual field defects (mean deviation index) were -13.9 ± 9.2 and -10.3 ± 7.7 dB in the isolated gonioscopy-assisted and phaco-gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy groups, respectively. The patients in the former group presented a mean endothelial cell density reduction of 28.8 cells/mm² (1.31%; p=0.467). In the latter group, the mean endothelial cell density loss was 89.4 cells/mm² (4.36%; p=0.028). The control eyes (23 patients) presented a mean endothelial cell density change of 114.1 ± 159.8 cells/mm² (4.41%; p=0.505). The endothelial cell density reduction in the phaco-gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy group was not significantly different from that in the controls (p=0.81). Conclusions: Gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy appears to be a safe procedure for the corneal endothelial cell layer when performed either isolated or combined with cataract extraction in a short-term follow-up period.

Coatings technologies with biopolymeric films are effective in maintaining the chemical and sensory characteristics of several fruits. Cassava starch is an attractive biopolymeric because of its renewable characteristics and low cost, but it has a high transfer rate of water vapor. Hydrophilic compounds of organically modified montmorillonite clay by ion exchange can be used to improve the limiting properties of starch in exchange for additives such as lipids. The solutions prepared with 5% m/v starch / 5% m/m cationic / anionic clay and uncoated were applied in caja fruit, harvested at physiological maturity, selected for absence of defects and color uniformity. The experimental design was performed with four storage times (0, 3, 6 and 9 days). For the maturation index, there was an isolated effect of the type of coating and storage time, showing the composite films of modified cationic clay with greater MI of the fruits in comparison to the control fruits.

The livedoid vasculopathy is an obstructive vascular process of etiology not yet fully known, being possibly associated with several prothrombotic events. It is clinically characterized by the presence of painful and recurring purpuric lesions, which usually suffer ulceration and evolve with formation of white atrophic scars usually located in the lower limbs. Two cases are here reported of painful ulcerated lesions on the lower limbs, in which the identification of VL enabled the diagnosis of systemic diseases.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da Síndrome Climatérica (SC) em mulheres de São Luís, Maranhão, uma das regiões menos desenvolvidas do Nordeste brasileiro.MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo e exploratório de corte transversal, tipo inquérito populacional domiciliar. Foram selecionadas 1.210 mulheres climatéricas de 45 a 60 anos de idade em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. As entrevistas foram aplicadas por meio de questionários, no período de abril a julho de 2008, contendo variáveis sociodemográficas, status menopausal e intensidade dos sintomas climatéricos (índices circulatório e psicológico), sendo que para estes últimos foi realizada a sua associação com os períodos pré e pós-menopausal. A técnica de Análise Correspondência Múltipla (ACM) foi utilizada para avaliar a inter-relação entre os sintomas climatéricos.RESULTADOS: A maioria das pacientes tinha entre 55 a 60 anos (35,3%), era de cor parda (37,9%), com 9 a 11 anos de escolaridade (39,8%), com parceiro (56%), católica (73,9%) e de classe social C (51,1%). A prevalência da SC foi de 85,9%, destacando-se fogachos (56,4%) e sudorese (50,4%) como os sintomas vasomotores mais prevalentes. Os sintomas psicológicos mais frequentes foram nervosismo (45%) e irritabilidade (44,8%). Houve predomínio do ressecamento vaginal (62,7%) como a queixa urogenital mais prevalente. A intensidade dos sintomas vasomotores e psicológicos foi significativamente mais elevada nas fases de peri e pós-menopausa (p<0,05).CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da SC foi elevada em mulheres dessa cidade do Nordeste do Brasil.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of Climacteric Syndrome (CS) in women from a municipality of Northeastern Brazil which is less developed socioeconomically.METHODS: A prospective household survey was performed in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil with 1,210 climacteric women aged 45 to 60 years. Interviews were applied using previously tested standard questionnaires from April to July 2008. The severity of climacteric symptoms was analyzed by circulatory and psychological indexes and the latter were associated with menopausal status. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to assess the relation among climacteric symptoms.RESULTS: Most patients were 55 to 60 years old (35.3%), mulatto (37.9%), with 9-11 years of schooling (39.8%), with a partner (56%), Catholic (73.9%) and belonged to the socioeconomic class C (51.1%). The prevalence of CS was 85.9%, and hot flashes (56.4%) and sweating (50.4%) were the most prevalent symptoms. The most frequent psychological symptoms were nervousness (45%) and emotional liability (44.8%). The severity of vasomotor and psychological symptoms was significantly higher during the peri and postmenopausal period (p<0.05). Vaginal dryness (62.7%) was the most prevalent urogenital complaint.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CS was high among women from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.